'The heretic, does not enter into fair " The Jewish Question in Rimini between 1600 and 1700 proposes specific aspects already present in an earlier age: the alternation of acute tensions and favorable conditions. On June 10, 1432 Archive
society, economy and the Jewish Question Rimini in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Unpublished documents
[Summaries of communications Antonio Montanari, Rimini, Studi Romagnoli, 28.10.2007]
Jailbird Roberto Malatesta scored by Pope Eugene IV a "short" that required the Jews Rimini the "sign" of distinction required.
The "sign" was introduced in 1215 by the Fourth Lateran Council under Innocent III: a wheel of yellow cloth sewn on to take the left chest. Two assaults on their
banks take place in 1429 and 1503. After the domination
Malatesta in 1509, Jews in 1510 was granted permission to "bancum imprestitorum facere," that is to carry out financial activities legally. In 1515
happens the episode that best sums up the character of the Jewish question in Rimini.
On April 13, 1515 the General Council of the City notes that the Jews are seen in Rimini ut inimicos, "and unanimously approved three measures: a
. license request to the Pope to ban it;
2. let them pay the expenses for soldiers on foot and on horseback, "performed here, and held for guard of the Jews" themselves;
3. establish "that in the future wanting those Jews continue habitation in this city, bringing the hair, yellow or beretta.
orders distinctive approach fails if in 1519, upon the request of Brother Bear Minors of St. Francis, they are repeated, even in obedience to the decrees of 1215.
Jews need not be forced to cap the bandage or yellow, but you can just carry a sign on the mantle: the "wheel" of which we have said.
The city used to the pope, "from which he commands, or that part of Rimini, over obeying the City" itself.
The soldiers used in 1515 "to guard of the Jews," are perhaps part of the 600 soldiers already in use in 1510 by Pope, because of local strife and political turmoil.
Or are the "new soldiers" arrived in February 1513 "for the custody of the city," plagued by continuing violence.
Or are the guards for curbing the "partisan" of the countryside (May 1513), for which he has created a new tax.
Carlo Tonini Rimini in 1515 wrote that "it was in turmoil on account of the Jews." This statement is without foundation. There was no riot, "the Jews" but rather "against" them. People considered them (Tonini says), 'as enemies of religion and promoters of scandals. " ('Ut inimicos "we read in the minutes of the General Council under date of April 13.)
In 1515 we want simply to pay the Jewish community's military spending the last five years, without, however, through no fault of his. In that year, as noted by the same Carlo Tonini, "among other ills that were, perhaps worst of all, the lack of pecuniary."
The Jewish Question in Rimini in 1515 overlaps perfectly with the climate of civil war caused, after the death of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1468), the two warring factions.
In July 1512, with the vain hope of pacifying the city, they established the "lords Winds of Justice," by giving "absolute power to punish and condemn." But even they, at the end the same 1512, were able to prevent the killing of Vincent Diotallevi.
is one of the many political murders which follow from 1470. Crimes which, as noted by Rosita Copioli, continue to "dripping blood" for a century.
In 1540 the City was forced to intervene to protect the Jews, with the injunction to Christians not to hit the doors and windows of their homes.
On 22 July 1548, the General Council of Rimini forced Jews not to live outside of the three districts where they were.
It is anticipated that the decision of Pope Paul IV July 17, 1555 set up the ghetto in the entire State of the Church, according to the model created in 1516 by the Republic Venice.
On March 27, 1549 Jews of Rimini has imposed a special contribution to the "Sacred Mountain of Mercy", born in 1501 just to compete with providers Israelites. On the "Monte" But Jews are not allowed Rimini.
discriminatory rules laid down by Pope Paul IV against the Jews in 1555, have diminished in 1562 by Pope Pius IV.
In 1569 Pope Pius V gave the call for Jews from all their lands within three months, with the exception of Rome and Ancona, with the "bubble" Hebraeorum gens alone, early in 1566 by Romanus Pontifex Pius V .
goes against Rimini. On December 9, 1586 the General Council authorizes to reside Jewish ghetto in the city's licensed to live in the State of the Church.
On December 22, 1586 Jews are asking the Council to continue to live "familiariter" outside the ghetto, where they refuse to abide. Unanswered, it appears.
Only September 19, 1590 in Council has presented the proposal to prepare the legal means to expel the Jews from the city that had not yet abandoned, and which are treated as "vagabonds and strangers."
ratified by an overwhelming majority, the decision is likely to be without result, thanks to an addition that the expulsion took place in the "if you could and there was Motu proprio or papal Brief. " The papal orders were already there (notice of 1569).
In 1593 Clement VIII (1592-1605) acting to permanent expulsion of Jews from the Papal States, with the exception of the new Rome and Ancona (as in the notice of 1569).
after 1593 in Rimini, therefore there should be no more jew. But it is not. In 1615 a popular revolt destroys their ghetto place "in Via S. Or Andrea S. Onofrio. "
The uprising is favored (if not promoted) by the attitude of the local church and some nobles. One of which is a leading figure in political life and Roman curia, Giovanni Galeazzo Belmont, Vice-Grand Prior of the Military Order of Santo Stefano. In 1624
Rome forbids Jews domiciled in the State Church, but do not stay in any place or city 'venue for merchandise, "according to the rule proposed by Clement VIII for periods of up to three or four days.
On May 15, 1656 in Rimini a "gentleman of this city Jews" (perhaps a family member Gentilomo, stood at Pesaro), it is guarantor of "a banker that Jews", which is allowed to open the bank with may take with him his family.
On 16 June 1666 the General Council of Rimini rejects proposal to ask the Pope to restore the ghetto, to "help and benefit "of the city.
Rimini is on the commercial line that leads from the shores of the Marches to those in Ferrara, both controlled by Jewish merchants. Domains Este in 1598 passed under the rule of Rome, as happened in Pesaro in 1631.
the end of 1670, the Municipality of Rimini forward (unsuccessfully) to the pope's request to grant a "right to be in this City eriggere a new ghetto of Jews."
There is justified by the need to "ease" economic Rimini by a "few little" Trade is vital to a revival in the "present contingencies of the new exhibition," for which the Jews are considered "very necessary".
In 1693 the Jews they should be allowed to apply directly to the pope to get back to town. And they claim to have in Rome a 'good way' to communicate with the pope.
On 17 February 1693, the General Council discussed the memorial of those Jewish merchants' used to come to serve with their wares "in Rimini, and grant them permission to forward the petition to the pope desired.
As the matter has ended up in Rome, it is impossible to know.
The vote overturns the 1693 General Council about the attitude of the Jewish presence. Opposites are only two out of 43. They were 31 to 45 vote in the June 16, 1666 the request for reconstitute the ghetto.
The minutes of the February 17, 1693 also states that "for some time in here," the Jews had been forbidden to stay in Rimini with 'damage town' is the 'Mount of Piety', and customs, both "for more their absence. "
The Israelites were then returned to Rimini to be present after the destruction of the ghetto in 1615. In their memorandum states that "the lifted him free trade" had caused "damage notables" to the whole city life.
The memorial is in 1693. The year before, in Ferrara (the economic reality was characterized by the predominance Jewish), was introduced by Cardinal Giuseppe Renato bound Imperial "free trade" of grains (although for only twelve months), in the province and beyond, repeating similar measure Pope Clement IX (1667-69). The memorial
Rimini in 1693 seems to meet the expectations of city government, which tries to create its own policy, independent from Rome, about the Jews, not in the name of abstract principles but by virtue of concretissime reasons of general affordability.
In 1660 is an emblematic episode in Rimini.
The 'Jews Servadio' is taken prisoner to be found "without a license to remain there," along with "his friend" David.
Servadio is saved from the penalty body of the "three sections of rope," thanks to the intervention at the bishop's vicar, to "Jerome Giordani, gentleman of Pesaro," passing through Rimini.
Servadio is fined twelve shields for the Curia, and two shields for the Registry. The sum is paid to him by 'such a Gioseffo Montefiore Jews of Pesaro. "
David Servadio and send a memorandum of protest to the Holy Office. The governor asked the Holy Office
Angelo Rimini Ranuzzi "a sincere and accurate information to the truth of the matter." Meanwhile the vicar
Servadio obtained from the statement that it did not submit any appeal to Rome. But Rome Ranuzzi
orders that are returned to the twelve Servadio shields of the fine, with the expense of a shield for the Registry.
Ranuzzi running, and informs Rome Servadio the request made by the vicar of a denial about the memorial sent by the Jews to the Holy Office. Ask Servadio which hath been submitted in order to avoid further harassment.
go back to 1656 and the granting to the "gentleman Jews" to open the bank in Rimini, taking with him his family.
1656 and also the year that starts in Rimini, the new fair of St. Anthony on the port (from 6 to 11 July), repeated in 1659 and suspended in 1665 by the governor.
It takes 1671 to 1680 with a continuous decrease in the 'competition' of merchants and buyers. Which brings only "inconvenience" to local merchants.
We saw that in 1670 Rimini asks the pope "a new ghetto of Jews," "very necessary" in the "present contingencies of the new fair."
In 1678 there is no money available for business at the fair, 'followed them for not being collected. "
In 1691 the show returned, without varnish and without the positive effects expected.
At Fair 1671 (eleven days duration instead of the eight planned), there are eight companies of Jews, all textiles and clothing, three of Ancona, three of Urbino, Pesaro two.
The goods they have introduced a value equal to 28.25% of the total.
The affairs are rather thin, not to imagine the quality of products but for the religious prejudice against them.
They sell only 16.82% of their products, ie 10.16% of the total sold at the fair. The overall average of sales is 46.71% against 10.16 of the Jews.
The first news of the eighteenth century on the Jewish presence in Rimini, dates back to 1775 and concerns the baptism of Isaac Foligno, probably from Pesaro.
In 1796 at the end of June, the contribution is tax for the French Jews as well. Who are arrested "in order to shield them from these insults that a certain bad faith of the People, could accagionargli.
belong five companies registered in the name of Bono Moise Levi, Samuel and Elcano Costantini, Foligno brothers, Samuel Mondolfo, and Abram and Samuel Levi.
Those Jews, "with residents shop for a long time in Rimini," fearing the "passing of the French troops," can be "harassed for raggion Pontefficio to have to control the usual sign in the hair," they get to remove it after payment to the community of Rimini a "free gift" of five hundred crowns.
The "gift" is made, how they write the consuls of Rimini, "in place to give us their account of the embezzlement, and the value of their negozj, as we esigevasi. The Municipality, satisfied with the generous offer, plus paid in cash, and not in precious objects, fails to point out that it was against the law.
In 1799, May 30, the revolt of the sailors, which the merchant who s'accodano reporter Nicola Giangi-called 'them rascals Town, "also ends with the sacking of two shops run by Jews. The notary
Zanotti-reporter describes the incident as the work of 'insurgents' that he anti-French (from convinced legitimacy) but differs from the "insurgents" who, motivated by "evil fury of the mob," but act against the public good.
In a Roman document of 1793 is spoken of lamb skins traded from Abraham Levi, boat or Rimini, and bound for northern Europe.
Rimini since 1500, kept a 'fair skin' for the feast of Saint Anthony June 12 to 20. From it comes the show that comes on the harbor in 1656, dedicated to St. Anthony. The 1656 is the year that is allowed to open an Israeli bank. As
unknown in its identity, this "Jews Banker" is a symbol of the suggestion by Maria Grazia Muzzarelli Cesena to the reality of the fifteenth century: Jews were considered "always be exploited to tolerate and sometimes harass every time" needed it politically.
1. How many stories
2. History of the Jews in Rimini
Antonio Montanari
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