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| NAVY AND SOCIETY Rimini (1700 - 1800) Paper presented at the Conference on Giuseppe Giulietti, Rimini, June 21, 2003 During 1700 and for the first half of 1800 in the social life of Rimini, the Navy plays a very important role, but which do not correspond to a satisfactory economic condition, nor any involvement in the management of public affairs. In 1791 Francesco Battaglini Antonio Montanari |
The fifteenth century saw Rimini and its rulers, the Malatesta, the spotlight of Europe. They tell a little history.
Pope Gregory XII, elected in 1405, took refuge in Rimini November 3, 1408 while setting up the council of Pisa, and after Charles Malatesta (1368-1429), Lord of Rimini, saved him from an attempt to capture. The great season Malatesta in the life of the Church began on this occasion.
Carlo, to contact the College of Cardinals, I use Malatesta (1366-1429), Lord of Pesaro, which previously has offered to Gregory XII to a diplomatic mission to the King of France, in ecclesiastical disputes Inserit for personal gain.
The relationship between the Marches and the branch of Rimini, is apparently far. The parent Pandolfo I (1304-1326) son of the founder of the Malatesta dynasty Verucchio who had conquered Rimini in 1295. The Jailbird by Pandolfo were born I (1299-1385) and Malatesta said Old Ruin (1322-1364) which is part of the branch of the Marche with his son Pandolfo II (1325-73) Lord of Pesaro, Fano and Fossombrone, and his son The Malatesta of this man, father of Mary Cleophas and Galeazzo. The branch-Romagna Rimini
comes from Jailbird I, brother of the grandfather of Mary Cleophas and Galeazzo. Jailbird is the son of Charles I. To strengthen the relationship, beyond business and mercenary companies were two sisters of Camerino, Gentile da Varano married by The Jailbird (1367), and Elizabeth I with Malatesta (1383).
Malatesta I was in business with Urban VI, by lending ten thousand florins, and receiving two-year pledge in the vicarage in the town of Orte (1387). The pope also asked for his help in the same year to protect the archbishop of Ravenna Cosimo Migliorati expelled from the city. And then in 1391 to defend the interests of the Holy See against the rebels of Ostra (Montalboddo).
work in Pisa starting March 25, 1409. Gregory XII is declared deposed. Charles arrives in Pisa as a mediator between Gregory XII and the council fathers, but in substance as its defender. Has not accepted his offer of Rimini dell'assise ecclesiastical office, Pisa is not suitable because it seemed to him subject to the domination of Florence, opponents of Gregory XII.
The first approach between the council and Carlo Malatesta is through that I was fired after the election of Gregory XII took place December 2, 1406, receiving the annuity prize in 1410. While captain general of Florence, Malatesta I had begun negotiations between himself Gregory XII and Antipope Benedict XIII (elected in 1394), both of Pisa deposed in absentia to 5 July 1409 and declared "schismatic, heretical and notoriously incorrigible." Their place at the initiative of Cardinal Baldassare Cossa, was taken June 20, 1409 by Alexander V (which disappears May 4, 1410), known as the pope greek ' Coming from Candia. He is succeeded by John XXIII May 17, 1410.
On June 28, 1410 the antipope John XXIII Malatesta The reward for damages and expenses made in the large and profitable services rendered to the Church during the Council of Pisa, "about extirpationem detestabilis scismatis et consecutionem unionis most desired." It gives him "life during" the sum of six thousand florins a year, significant figure when compared to the 1200 census.
Carlo Malatesta, though they had seen fail in its mission to Pisa with the rejection of the transfer of the council at Rimini, he returned to the office with a message to fathers, however, came when they were already the conclave to choose "the pope greek." Charles intervenes at the cardinals gathered in Bologna for the funeral of Alexander V.
the new Pope John XXIII (Cossa that he had been reconciled with his brother Pandolfo III), Carlo writes from Venice Promotional materials for projects to proceed to the meeting of the Church, first to wage war in April 1411 as rector of Romagna to order Gregory XII, and with the help of Pandolfo III, in order to 'find pacem et unionem Sactae Matris Ecclesiae. "
Gregory XII in a bull of April 20, 1411 writes that Charles' true propugnator fidei "was rightly decided," if the mandate of our movere, et pro Defensión catholicae fidei, ac honor and status, atque true union ac universal peace Ecclesiae. " In December, Charles
the Venetians, faithful to John XXIII, rely on an army drive against Emperor Sigismund. In August 1412, Charles is injured and must leave the command to his brother Pandolfo III.
On December 24, 1412 Gregory XII returned to Rimini from Charles who has since tried in vain to set up a league for the pope. A
Carlo at the beginning of January 1413 the Florentines send a messenger in the vain hope of persuading Gregory XII to resign the papacy thus validating the election of John XXIII, the lord of Rimini instead saw nothing. In November 1413
Pandolfo III, brother of Charles and lord of Rimini Brescia and Bergamo, he went to Cremona pay homage to the king of Hungary and John XXIII. With the king of Hungary, who had stolen the territories to Venice Treviso, Udine, Cividale and Feltre, negotiations had been launched by Malatesta I. To which John XXIII addressed in order to attract to its side Carlo Malatesta.
To consolidate his position, John XXIII convened another council in Rome, calling for protection of the Emperor Sigismund. Which imposes itself as the home town of Konstanz. Where to find Carlo Malatesta. And where John XXIII is revoked, so it escapes into the night between 20 and 21 April 1415. Both
in Pisa is a Costanza, Charles is necessary as a broker firm but open to others' reasons, as well as thin product analyst and polemicist, overshadowing the role and figure of Malatesta I. Which imitates the attitude of Charles in favor of Gregory XII, John XXIII and quit ignoring the substantial pension received by him in 1410. The Council of Constance
solemnly opens November 5, 1414. On May 13, 1415 it is stated in the letter written by Charles in Brescia on April 26 as special prosecutor of Gregory XII "to sacram unionem perficendam. Thanks to Gregory XII from June 13 Montefiore Conca grant a ten-year vicarage in some castles in the Church of Ravenna with his brother Charles, Andrea Malatesta.
Carlo Costanza comes to Saturday, June 15. 16 shows the Emperor Sigismund, "meaning the its mission, and how he was going to him, not the Council, which Pope Gregory did not recognize. " In the days following Charles visit Members of individual nations, with special entertainment by the Italian, British, German and French which describes its function as a responsible "to issue a simple denial on behalf" of Gregory XII. But he added, "his intentions on the formulas to be observed 'with references to' the authority of scripture and the Fathers."
On June 16, Charles also met with Emperor Manuel II of the East, which in 1421 became in-law of Mary Cleophas, the unfortunate daughter of the Malatesta of Pesaro. The marriage of Mary Cleophas, and Theodore Palaeologus, perhaps ended with the violent death the young, they did not write the history of the contemporary. To us there has been no narrative useful to supplement the few surviving documents, including four letters of the same Cleofe a sister. The veil of forgetfulness can not be accidental. He will talk again in another page. A
Constance are also the patriarch of Constantinople, John Rochetaillée [De Rupescissa], and an archdeacon of Bologna in 1413 appointed administrator site bishops of the diocese of Brescia, the son of Pandolfo Malatesta I and brother of Mary Cleophas, who in 1417 will be in the conclave which elected Martin V out, and in 1424 will be sent to the diocese as archbishop of Patras, which depended on Constantinople.
Brescia, is repeated en passant, was governed by Pandolfo III of Rimini, brother of Charles. October 1418 and until 1424 the bishop of Pesaro Pandolfo is Coutances in Normandy, in the tough times of the British conquest during the Hundred Years' War.
On July 4, 1415 Charles reads the note of surrender of Gregory XII (written in Rimini on March 10), sitting alongside the Emperor Sigismund who presides over the Council session (XIV) entitled "Apostolic See vacant," to emphasize the conducted for the purpose of closing the schism.
On July 6, is burned alive in Constance John Huss, a follower of Wycliffe and the leader of a revolt in Bohemia who worry autonomist Sigismund. Huss had been invited with a safe conduct of the emperor. He was lured into a trap by the Council Fathers who do not pay the fire on which it was executed, they exhume his ashes to scatter in the wind as the last outrage.
On July 15, the now former Gregory XII returned Cardinal Angelo Correr, life is given to the delegation of the March of Ancona. And in that capacity, he will use the good offices of Charles and weapons to bring order to the Church of Recanati passed the antipope John XXIII (in the meantime arrested after fleeing from Constanta). Angelo Correr Recanati dies at 26 November 1417.
same year in Constance on July 26 Benedict XIII is deposed for the second time after Pisa. On November 11 the election of Martin V, Oddone Colonna, ending the schism. The brother of the new pope is the father of Vittoria Colonna, who last year has been married to Carlo Malatesta of Pesaro, brother of Mary Cleophas.
is not illogical to assume that the girl's name is circulated to Constanza in that politico-religious summit in which the much-vaunted unity of the Church could not be confined only to the resolution of the schism of the West but should also extend to that of the East , oldest, most complex and, as subsequent developments have shown, less easy to deal and heal. The prospect of a new framework of relations between Rome and Constantinople, perhaps it was designed as a phase preliminary double marriage between the children of Manuel and two Catholic girls, in fact Cleofe of Pesaro and Sophia of Montferrat.
Closed Council of Constance April 22, 1418, Martin V returned to Italy. On 12 October in Milan, around 20 goes to Brescia, where there is direct 25 in Mantua. To defend the territories of the Church, the pope has other contacts with the Malatesta of Rimini and Pesaro. Which in the meantime I have obtained the release of Galeazzo Malatesta's son Charles I of Pesaro and Rimini captured July 12, 1416 by Braccio di Montone (1368-1424).
for their release, the wife of Charles, Elizabeth Gonzaga, had appealed to the council fathers. The Malatesta of Pesaro and his son Charles had traveled all possible diplomatic options. For the ransom of the prisoners had to intervene to end the Duke of Urbino, Montefeltro and Guidantonio of Gian Francesco Gonzaga. Guidantonio of Montefeltro was involved Rengarda by his wife (sister of Charles the prisoner) and the Baptist sister (wife of Galeazzo, the other prisoner). Gian Francesco Gonzaga was not only the son of Francesco Gonzaga (died in 1407 and brother of Elizabeth wife of Charles of Rimini) and Margherita Malatesta (+1399) sister of Charles, but also her husband from 1410 to Paola Malatesta's sister Galeazzo and Cleofe . For the sake of completeness, be aware that Anne of Montefeltro, Battista and Guidantonio sister, was the widow of Jailbird Belfiore di Cervia (+1400) brother Charles of Rimini.
The final stages of negotiation between the arm and are led by Malatesta Pandolfo III Malatesta of Brescia and I of Pesaro. And to accommodate the Galeazzo husband released (April 1417) goes to his wife Iesi Baptist.
When Martin V in October 1418 then goes to Brescia, finds Pandolfo III as his vicar, and as a site administrator bishops of the diocese Pandolfo I Malatesta's son and brother of Mary Cleophas.
the next stage of Mantua, where he arrived accompanied by Pandolfo III, Martin V meets Carlo Rimini and his wife Elizabeth. In June, the pope asked Charles to support the league that had led to Naples, and financial aid to pay the soldiers of State of the Church. Carlo Malatesta and I have sent a small contingent of soldiers. In Mantua
Martin V's speech touches a sore point for the Malatesta, the precariousness of their possessions in Lombardy. It's almost an announcement of what will happen February 24, 1421 with the end of the lordship of Brescia. In July 1418 an envoy of the pope in Brescia has been trying to persuade Pandolfo III to conclude peace with Milan, or alternatively agree to a truce of six months. In October, before the arrival of Martin V, Pandolfo III Venice warned of the impending visit of the Pope to convince him to peace with the Visconti. From Venice Milan replied that the pope had entrusted the matter of Brescia.
Reconciliation between Visconti Malatesta and will take place in February 1419, with the promise of Pandolfo III of the return of Bergamo and Brescia to his death. In November 1419 Martin V exempt them from the census for the Apostolic Chamber. The following year, Pandolfo III breaks the truce, but exhausted and besieged surrendered in exchange for receiving 34 000 florins. In 1421 and unnecessarily Pandolfo Carlo Rimini, together with the bishop of this city, beg Venice to accept the donation of Brescia now indefensible Malatesta, and ask for a loan of six thousand ducats to hire in support of their cause even that arm Carlo Montone was taken prisoner and Galeazzo di Rimini Pesaro.
The subsequent career of Pandolfo III sees charge Captain General of the Church (1422) and Florence (1423). On October 4, 1427, he was taken ill at Fano, where he died at age 57. It is said that it was a pilgrimage on foot from Rimini to Loreto, to invoke the healing from ailments that afflicted him, compounded by fresh wedding (June 12) with a young girl, Margaret Anne of the Counts Guidi di Poppi. The Chronicles Malatesta build the scene of his death, with him "very contrite and confess" in the arms of the monk Iacono Marcha, known for his sermons against the Hussites in Hungary and the heretics 'friars' of inspiration in the Italian Franciscan Central.
None of the three legitimate wives left him with heirs. Many children had by his concubines, Allegra dei Mori (Jailbird Roberto) and Antonia from Barignano (Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta Novello and Dominic). They go after the death of his father under the tutelage of his uncle Charles of Rimini that makes them legitimate by Pope Martin V in 1428. In the same year Jailbird Roberto takes his wife Marguerite d'Este, daughter of the lord of Ferrara.
return to Mantua in October 1418. Here at Martin V also comes Malatesta I. The pope gave him the renewal of the lordship of Pesaro and the bishopric of Coutances, the cleric for his son Pandolfo, March 22 from the papal chapel, with an annual income of eight thousand ducats. Then come the spouses and Galeazzo Battista in Pesaro. You, brought to the humane letters, love also by his father Anthony Duke of Urbino, is notable for the prayer which reads congratulatory to Martin V.
At the end of November 1418 by the pope travels to Gian Francesco Gonzaga, on 11 January following is created Duke of Spoleto. In the same January 1419 Martin V also receives Taddeo di Pesaro, Cleophas and sister of Paola Malatesta wife of Gian Francesco Gonzaga.
Martin V starts from Mantua to Rome January 30, 1419, and the journey they stop at Ravenna. In the same year the pope appointed Guidantonio of Montefeltro, Rengarda sister's husband Charles of Rimini, captain-general against Braccio di Montone.
pacify the Western Church, the pope attempts to repeat the operation with that of the East. Just in 1419 is the choice of Cleophas and Sophia of Montferrat (set to John Palaeologus, brother of the bridegroom of Cleophas, and future basileus of Constantinople) who end up as sacrifices on the altar of a "reason of state" in regard to religious questions. Malatesta seems to have reached the peak of their international fame. But in 1429 with the death of Charles of Rimini (September 14), until then, great director of all affairs of the house, and the Malatesta of Pesaro (19 December), the players leave the scene of a season but with hard times undoubtedly exciting as participation in the Council of Constance.
(1 - continued)
"Malatesta and Rimini, index pages
"Nonsense," index pages
Antonio Montanari