| NAVY AND SOCIETY Rimini (1700 - 1800)
Paper presented at the Conference on Giuseppe Giulietti,
Rimini, June 21, 2003 During 1700 and for the first half of 1800 in the social life of Rimini, the Navy plays a very important role, but which do not correspond to a satisfactory economic condition, nor any involvement in the management of public affairs. In 1791 Francesco Battaglini
writes that the 'class seamanship so useful to our City, and at the same time so wretched, and miserable, "are part" to say the least "two thousand people.
Five years later, in 1796, an official document of the Municipality of Rimini calculates this class in "about three thousand people," almost one quarter of the inhabitants of the city. Difficulty, after the armistice of 23 June of the same in 1796, the Municipality of Rimini has prevented "the emigration of many inhabitants of Porto." In 1835
"Boaters and fishermen" show that "the innumerable sea" of our port is "stronger than three thousand three hundred souls, all inclusive, so that mariners fishing." Ceased trading and which had become "very little fish" (they write to the Secretary of State), "languish and moion hungry sailors so, that fishermen hill countless innocent their Families 'are' good people, yes, but rough, impetuous, and embittered by poverty, which almost drives to despair. "
1843: "the unhappy class 'and' issue of 'Sailors, and not that Calafati Dealers' state constitute" a quarter of the population "Rimini. [B 684]
1856: "more than five thousand people" are "especially dedicated to the maritime shops of every kind." Letter from the bearer of Rimini to engineer Maurizio Brighenti (author of a renovation project of the canal).
1857: 908 are employed for 199 ships (23 captains, merchant, 65 "Paron small course" and 820 sailors in general).
1861: 1,659 employees (1,165 for the trade and 494 for fishing) for 123 ships (46 to 77 trade and fishing).
Commerce: 27 captains, 108 masters, 730 sailors, 300 hubs.
Fishing: 90 masters, 334 sailors, 70 hubs.
For a family of poor fishermen who belongs Giulietti was born in 1879, at the end of a century in which things do not change much compared to the eighteenth century, as not even the beginning of the next one will change, as evidenced by the Liberal MP Gary Facchinetti about the war of 1915, noting that they seriously affect "the large class and poor sailor."
In the chain of social forces that live inside of the 'ancien regime', the 'class sailor' is the weakest link. However, it is equally feared, as derived from a letter dated July 14, 1796 (after the appearance of the French in Romagna), in which the City wrote to the legate, that this "class sailor 'is not only" large "but also" very docile. "
E 'less docile, "she has already proved April 26, 1768, by organizing" a terrible uproar "against Calindri Serafino and his draft Expurgated channel. Calindri was gone from Rimini, fearing that a bandit (the Brugiaferro known), had been hired to remove it from circulation in order to facilitate the proposed extension of the piers by the physician Giovanni Bianchi, the tutelary deity of culture and science of Rimini. These are the years in which Father Boscovich port defines the "maximum resources" of our city. But
'less docile "also appears in the class maritime issues that today we would call union when it comes to defending the rights of workers in relation to the Masters of the boats, for example, when given bad food and their sailors' wine corrupt '.
"Masters" these are not the owners, but the "conductors" of the boats. Not always the "Masters" are also boat owners. To invest in the environment of the port, as well as traders, given that even noble citizens' blatant use of money in credit, foreign exchange and purchase of maritime boats. " Among them are noble
Nicola Martinelli, who, following the theories of Cesare Beccaria, is fighting for the freedom of Panizzi, Francesco Battaglini and rejects claims that the public system instead dell'Annona. The Martinelli family also owned 21 houses in Borgo San Giuliano.
A "Master", to get the boat to borrow for such a long period which normally coincides with almost the entire duration of the boat itself, which is ten to fifteen years. The poor fisherman, he writes in 1869 in an official document, consumes his entire life, "always in debt and the benefit of four vampires: builder, blacksmith, rope maker and seller of fish."
The "Master", procuring the sailors of his crew, must comply with certain rules that require the Municipality in 1745 with "Chapters of the port," according to the 'inveterate style "commonly observed. There are rules that constitute a kind of collective agreement. In the period from after the "Celebration of Christmas" until Easter, the driver can not dismiss the men of the boat "without a legitimate reason to be recognized by the captain" of the Port, under penalty of paying damages to be calculated "according to the gain the boat. " In case of illness, is the "Patron conductor" is any "Boat Man" is guaranteed 'at least for a month "part of the usual gain. About
of 'inveterate style "commonly observed, reported an incident in July 1804:" Two boats of this port Pescareccie' are 'made a prey of English pirates, "and consequences of thirty sailors remain jobless. With a petition to the Municipality, they ask 'Unions of Boats' to bring forward by two or three months "the costume of a man to raise the boat before it enters the new season," which began in November. The Municipality urges owners to immediately bring forward this "usually increases a man for Barca."
The fishermen are most protected workers in the fields, hard hit by famine spread also to Rimini in 1765 and 1768, many of whom fled to Rome, housed at the expense of the exchequer in two "clamps" in the midst of an epidemic of smallpox. In this "poor city", wrote the chronicler Ubaldo Brands in 1767, the sailors are "in very large numbers" and working on pescarecce 40 boats, three thousand are the poor, who field "look with alms."
Another citizen reporter, Ernesto Capobelli, writes that "the Pontiff did not think of them escort in city Prague in any account of his subjects, only dispensed spiritual treasures." The Congregation of Good Government in 1767 that is known to Rimini with "Vegetables and Fruits 'could replace' to some defi-ciency of Bread."
Certainly our navy was not like the Roman people during the famine, descrittoci by a French abbot, Gabriel François Coyer, "devot bien, bien soumis", it met only "pour faire des processions et pour gagner des sous le indulgences Doigt Sainteté de Sa."
famine, July 22, 1765 is added to the flood of Marecchia that leads to the 'ultimate ruin "the port channel. In 1799 the navy
Rimini shows all the anger accumulated in decades of suffering. Prior makes flee the French soldiers after the arrival of the Austrians. Then, followed by the "peasants" in the area, is organizing a long and violent riot that took over the devastation, the arrogance, abuse of Napoleon. The repeated and severe
proclamations of the Austrians, leave the time they find. From 30 May 1799 to 13 January 1800, the Municipality of Rimini lives an institutional crisis which is not an occurrence in favor of the Papacy. The popular mood is well summed up by an anonymous sonnet in which Rome is called "infamous," and he sings the praises of the Austrians. Which I raise the banner, dear to reactionary, imperial eagle and the 'love of the Holy Faith. "
The rioters looting the shops of the Jews, assaulting the Palazzo Publico, where they steal "everything you had," after having "broken all things." Arrested, imprisoned, sent into exile.
going into the Civic Guard, the sailors are the firefighters and arson. Their commander Lorenzo Garampi groped took the opportunity to dominate the city, aided by the fact that the Austrians escapes the control of a situation in continuous turmoil. The sailors try to fix that to save even Garampi Lorenzo, August 27 at the cathedral during a "bloody battle", he is forced to take refuge in the tower.
Throughout the eighteenth century, "Poor Fishermen" try to improve their conditions. In Rome, most are listening to Rimini, where they deny their poverty on the basis of two arguments: they build houses, and their wives are 'all day as you see, so pompous. "
In 1787 on a provisional basis, and finally in 1791, instead of a duty of 15 percent "of the prices derived" from the sale of fish, the next an annual tax on boats, divided into six categories. The final agreement approved by Legato, 20 June 1792 be signed as Settlement, and mutual agreement between the Community Attorney Rimini and the Art of Fishing on behalf of its members. The Municipality
to defend the duty of 15 per cent claimed that it was usually reduced by the supervisor through eight, and that if the fishermen earning little, the fault was only retailers of fish, the so-called "porzionevoli ', which formed between companies to export their fish at the best price in Bologna and Tuscany. This decreased the "fruit of 'labors, and dangers of the distressed fishermen." Rimini and left without fish, or made him pay a price increased by one third.
In 1805, according to an official text, are active in the port of Rimini 104 boats with 780 crew: seventies are fishing with 480 sailors, and thirty-four traffic with 300 employees. In a year in our port "enter more than 400 ships laden with merchandise and various genres, and start another four loads of effects of the country and abroad." Because of this situation, it is stressed, Rimini deserve to get the "free port".
The armature consists of a site without porch, where it is not can work in the winter months by making rope, and the manufacture of cotton for sails (with 300 women used annually). There are also a good
Rimini leather tanning factories, glass and crystals to use in Venice, oilcloth umbrellas, hats for use in Germany, and "a remarkable work of raw silk." They make "wheat paste used to Genoa and the" Cookie Crew pei. " This
"Cookie" is a kind of "bread par-ticular to taste, and for the form," that the sailors' taken to sea, "and is different from that doomed dall'Annona that" can not resist the ten or twelve days of sailing. " The
December 5, 1799 all'Annona was imposed by the municipal Regency making safe of a 'third quality "of bread for the exclusive use of the Navy," between the White, and Bruno, "which is better," Bruno, "requires a greater cooking, and "the salt, you need to consistently do what they are accustomed to at home," the same crew. It could only be done for the 'Doors of St. Giuliano, and Marina City. " Worse
are doing other citizens. Two years later, in 1801, the doctor Michele Rose shows how to make edible acorns, and a baker puts into practice immediately getting enthusiastic approval from the Municipality.
In 1816, says Carlo Tonini, occur citizen unrest against the rising price of wheat, with the participation "of peasants and sailors, who last season by the stormy raging and was prevented from getting into the sea." The "port of sedition" also raised a cannon from their boat, which come into town, and that link from under the statue of Paul V "against the scale of the consular building." Negotiations and the promise of reducing the price of wheat, encompass the sailors in the port, together with their gun, while the bishop blesses them from building Garampi.
In 1817, on April 11, for "sudden and gagliardissima storm 'sink four "baragozzi fishing," and killed 25 "Sea of \u200b\u200bindividuals' families ventritré remain" the greatest misery and desolation. "
If in the second half of 1700 the number of boats pescarecce increases by 128 per cent by the turn of the century there is a decline of 15 percent. Followed until 1836 a rise of 36 percent, which gives way to a decline of almost 50 percent until 1869, when the fleet with 51 boats pescareccia back to the level of a century earlier (1773). The decline continued in 1902 when the boats are only 46.
Within a century, from 1805 to 1902, the workforce increased from 480 to 280 sailors, which is more than a 41 percent lower.
In the middle of crisis, 1864, 5284 census Luigi Tonini Rimini "portolotti" that is, fishermen, sailors, shipwrights, traders, industrianti and members of their families. Are less than a third of the total urban population (districts of cities and villages), "which in 1862 amounts to 16,874 souls." The fishermen are 419, 458 sailors. The fishermen and their families are only a thousand people, a third of what was at the end of the previous century. Sailors and families come to 1,823 units. The
"portolotti 'live mainly but not exclusively, in the Villages Marina and San Giuliano, and also in areas far from the sea.
companies that we met in a document dated 1805, in size much reduced: in 1812 from other sources, which appear to derive substantial only the spinning of silk with 66 employees and two factories of glass and crystal with 49. In 1824 'the manufacture of the sails of hemp and cotton is almost entirely abandoned' are replaced only with about 70 women working at home for those of hemp and 30 for those of cotton, compared with 300 employees in 1805.
In 1840, the biggest factory in Rimini is that of safety matches Ghetti (1837 c.), with 300 women and 50 men.
In 1818 the fee for anchoring the boats has doubled since 1796. The 1829 is a "calamitous year" for fishing. The pope gives a "charitable subsidy of 1,000 crowns' but do not know how to deploy, while it is expected that "the wind ceased fishermen go to sea" to make a living because that grant is inadequate to the need.
Since 1836, the "related" Count Giacinto Martinelli bonae memoriae annual benefits with 200 shields the "Sailors of this port, there were born and resident, older than the age of fifty years, miserable, and disabled."
left to them in 1877 is added to the (more substantial, a thousand crowns) of Giambattista Soardi. Since 1883 both tethered charities that are processed in the following year are recognized as charities by the King of Italy Umberto. The drainage conditions
of our channel makes it 'less deployable port, "item" give the market "and provides" a crisis in the development of maritime activities. " In this situation we try to remedy negative between 1842 and '63 with a double extension of the piers according to the traditional eighteenth-century doctor John White, for a total of 328 and 373 meters to the east to the west. Meanwhile
(1843), was born the seaside tourist industry on which are turning the interest and care of the local ruling class, to the detriment of port activities, for which lack the necessary investment. And the renovated and restored Porto Corsini, Ravenna from 1870 remains that of the primacy it had in the Rimini coast between Venice and Ancona.
In 1859 also the port of Rimini has been downgraded to a simple first-class by Commissioner district Maritime Capital of which was from 1803. The new capital was Ravenna. In 1843 our port was declared a 'stop to goods for the region of Tuscany. When passing from Rimini at the end of 1860, King Vittorio Emanuele, a committee handed him a sheet "for the Port." More
that the crisis of the port and the navy, was written, the entire city's political crisis, caused by his "conservative elders," that mortgage, "the forms and timing of development."
And against this order of things the common people rise up in September 1845 with Peter Renzi, leaving a testimony of revolt against the backwardness and stagnation of the Papal States. Insurgents fleeing by sea, aided by the fishermen just local people. In the following November
our sailors attempt an uprising against the rising price of wheat. The Cardinal Legate Giorgi with an edict that the government assures the people watching even on the poor, and not feared. Two other women's protests
Marine occur in July 1848, the second with the fire boat that had a total of export wheat in Venice.
In 1855 comes the "Cholera Morbus" with its maritime activity also damaged, with 717 deaths in 1264 with a population of about town of 17,627 inhabitants. His first appearance is right in the village of San Giuliano with the death of a fisherman on March 18, after three days of illness. That Borgo San Giuliano that one of his famous son, the writer Luigi Pasquini, baptize as "the most troubled suburb of the city," and "den" anarchist history "." Antonio Montanari
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